Environmental Chemistry
1. What are the five major classes of material making up the composition of atmospheric aerosol particles? Why are they so important?
2. The size distribution of particles emitted from coal-fired power plants is bimodal (is it?). What are some of the properties of the smaller fraction in terms of potential environmental implications?

Using Stokes Law
v = gd2(p1-p2)
18?

determine the settling velocity of a particle that has a radius of 2.0 µm and a density of 1.5 g mL-1. How many days will it take for this particle to fall from a 150 m smoke stack? How far would this particle travel if the power plant was located in Connecticut?
3. Although NOx is necessary for smog formation, there are circumstances where it is plausible that moderate reductions of NOx levels might actually increase the rate of smog formation. Suggest a reason why this might be so.
4. Speculate on how smog reactions would (not) change if the ozone layer would no longer be present.

5. What important photochemical property do carbonyl compounds share with NO2?
6. State two factors that make the stratosphere particularly important in terms of acting as a region where atmospheric trace contaminants are converted to other, chemically less reactive, forms.
7. Which of the following statements is true?
a) RO• reacts with NO to form alkyl nitrates
b) RO• is a free radical
c) RO• is not a very reactive species
d) RO• is readily formed by the action of stable hydrocarbons and ground state NO2
e) RO• is not thought to be an intermediate in the smog-forming process.
8. The hydroxyl radical is a catalyst for ozone destruction. Show why it is considered a catalyst.
9. Which of the following silicates is more likely to dissolve by weathering: feldspar or olivine? Why?
10. For soils that contain no carbonate, iron, or aluminum, how can neutralization of acid take place? Write a reaction.
11. Under what conditions do the reactions,

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e- ? Mn2+ + 2H2O

and

Fe2O3 + 6H+ +2e- ? 2Fe2+ + 3H2O

occur in soil? Name two detrimental effects that can result from these reactions.

12. Because of favorable kinetics, Fe(OH)3(s) is usually regarded as the principal Fe(III) redox species in flooded soils within a few months after inundation. Given the information in Table 6.2 of the extra handout and the reaction:

Fe2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) = FeCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) logK = -7.5

Construct a pE-pH diagram for the species Fe2+, FeCO3(s) and Fe(OH)3(s).
Take [Fe2+] = 10-7 and PCO2 = 10-2 atm
13. What are four important effects of organic matter in soil?
14. Calculate the cation exchange capacity of 5 g of soil that releases the following concentration of ions in the ammonium acetate test (100 ml of ammonium acetate solution).

Ca2+ = 30.8 µg/ml
Mg2+ = 8.4 µg/ml
K+ = 2.2 µg/ml
Na+ = 6.4 µg/ml
15. The soil mineral orthoclase can weather to kaolinite and gibbsite under humid tropical conditions. Write a balanced chemical reaction for this reaction.
16. In respect to its soil solution chemistry, fulvic acid can be represented by the formula HL, where L- represents 1 mol of dissolved fulvic acid charge, regardless of the nature of the organic ligands involved.
Use this convention to write a balanced chemical reaction for the congruent dissolution of kaolinite, with the complex, Al(OH)2L, as one of the products.
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